8.4. Taylor Series

Example 8.4.4 (b): Taylor Series

If the given function had a convergent Taylor series, what would it be:
  1. f(x) = ex around c = 0 and f(x) = ex around c = 1
  2. g(x) = cos(x) around c = 0 and g(x) = cos(x) around c = Pi/2
  3. h(x) = sin(x) around c = 0
  4. k(x) = 1/1+x around c = 2

In each case we need to find for the given function at the specified center. We therefore compute derivatives until we detect a pattern. Once we see the pattern we have the general coefficient an and we can write down our Taylor series.

1. f(x) = ex

c=0 c=1
f(x) = ex f(0) = 1 f(1) = e
f '(x) = ex f '(0) = 1 f '(1) = e
...
f (n)(x) = ex f (n)(0) = 1 f (n)(1) = e
The pattern is clear ... it remains to divide by n! to get the an:
  • Tf(x, 0) = 1/n! xn
  • Tf(x, 1) = e/n! (x-1)n

2. g(x) = cos(x)

c=0 c=Pi/2
f(x) = cos(x) f(0) = 1 f(Pi/2) = 0
f '(x) = -sin(x) f '(0) = 0 f '(Pi/2) = -1
f ''(x) = -cos(x) f ''(0) = -1 f ''(Pi/2) = 0
f '''(x) = sin(x) f '''(0) = 0 f '''(Pi/2) = 1
...
The pattern now repeats so that:
  • Tf(x, 0) = 1 + 0 x - 1/2! x2 + 0 x3 + 1/4! x4 + ... =
  • Tf(x, 1) = 0 - 1/1! x + 0 x2 + 1/3! x3 + 0 x4 + ... = -

3. h(x) = sin(x)

c=0
f(x) = sin(x) f(0) = 0
f '(x) = cos(x) f '(0) = 1
f ''(x) = -sin(x) f ''(0) = 0
f '''(x) = -cos(x) f '''(0) = -1
...
The pattern now repeats so that:
  • Tf(x, 0) = 0 + 1 x + 0 x2 + 1/3! x3 + 0 x4 + ... =

Note that if we substitute x - Pi/2 for x and add a minus sign, we get the second series in the second example. That actually proves a trig identity - which one ?

4. k(x) = 1/1+x

c=2
f(x) = 1/1+x f(0) = 1/3
f '(x) = -1/(1+x)2 f '(0) = -1/32
f ''(x) = 1*2/(1+x)3 f ''(0) = 2!/33
f '''(x) = -1*2*3/(1+x)4 f '''(0) = -3!/34
...
f (n)(x) = (-1)n n!/(1+x)n+1 f (n)(0) = (-1)n n!/3n+1

Thus

  • Tf(x, 2) = (-1)n / 3n+1 (x-2)n
Note that we can arrive at the same answer using our - by now familiar - geometric series and some appropriate substitution:
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